Category Archives: Uncategorized

Authors: Rafiu K. Olalere, Y.O Bankole, Hongming Xu, Animashahun L. A, Sheriff Lamidi

Abstract: The increasing demand for cleaner and more sustainable transportation fuels has intensified interest in renewable oxygenated fuels capable of improving the combustion and emission characteristics of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) spark-ignition engines. This study presents a comparative experimental investigation of the combustion behaviour, engine performance, and gaseous emissions of commercial unleaded gasoline (ULG95) and absolute ethanol in a spray-guided GDI engine. Experiments were conducted under stoichiometric operating conditions (λ = 1) at an engine speed of 1500 rpm over an indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) range of 3.5–8.5 bar using optimized spark timing. Combustion characteristics were evaluated through in-cylinder pressure analysis, coefficient of variation of IMEP (COVIMEP), combustion phasing (MFB50), combustion duration, combustion efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, and indicated specific fuel consumption. Regulated gaseous emissions comprising carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) were also measured and compared. The results demonstrate that ethanol produced higher peak cylinder pressures, shorter combustion durations, improved combustion stability, and higher combustion and indicated thermal efficiencies than gasoline throughout the investigated load range. The superior combustion characteristics of ethanol were attributed to its inherent oxygen content, higher octane rating, and greater resistance to knock, which enabled optimum combustion phasing without knock-limited spark retard. Ethanol also produced substantially lower CO and HC emissions than gasoline, although differences in NOₓ emissions reflected variations in combustion temperature and ignition characteristics. Overall, the study demonstrates that ethanol offers significant advantages in combustion quality and exhaust emission reduction, highlighting its potential as a sustainable fuel for future high-efficiency GDI spark-ignition engines.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21714967

Published by: vikaspatanker

Dr. Surapati Pramanik
Affiliation	Assistant Professor, Department of  mathematics,Nandalal Ghosh B.T. College,Panpur, Narayanpur,India.
Email-Id:	sura_pati@yahoo.co.in
Publication:  Books: Mallick, R., Pramanik, S., & Giri, B. C. (2025). ITrNN-TODIM Strategy for MCDM in Interval Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Number Environment. In F. Smarandache & S. Pramanik (Eds.), New trends in neutrosophic theory and applications, Volume IV (pp. 187–202). Neutrosophic Science International Association (NSIA) Publishing House, United States of America.  Publications: Das, R., Bal, P., Pramanik, S., Smarandache, F., & Bhattacharjee, K. Application of quadripartitioned neutrosophic α-level sets on decision making problems using MATLAB. Mathematica Montisnigri, 65,66–86. 2026. Pramanik, S., & Ray, K. S.PNN – COCOSO for multi attribute group decision making. South East Asian Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, 22 (1), 1-24 2026. Chatterjee,T., Pramanik, S. , Mondal, S. and Chakraborty, A.A new MCDM strategy to select the best e-car using hybrid weighted arithmetic & geometric operator under triangular neutrosophic arena. Journal of Fuzzy Extension and Applications, 7(2), 435-474. doi: 10.22105/jfea.2025.485563.1681 2026. Ghosh, N. & Pramanik, S.Academic rankings: an analysis of Nandalal Ghosh B.T. College in the AD Scientific Index 2025. Bharati International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development,4 (3), 229-259, 2026. Majumder, P., & Pramanik, S.Spherical fuzzy BW-AHP strategy and its applications in renewable energy. Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática, 44(1), 1–21,2026.

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Avinash M, Manjunath S.H, Vikram C.K

Abstract: The turbulent flow past square cylinders is a fundamental problem in fluid mechanics because it governs aerodynamic loading, vortex-induced vibration, drag, and heat transfer in engineering systems such as high-rise buildings, bridge piers, offshore structures, heat exchangers, and electronic cooling devices. Despite extensive research, accurately predicting flow separation, wake development, and thermal transport under varying operating conditions remains challenging. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in both experimental and numerical investigations of turbulent flow past square cylinders. Experimental techniques, including Particle Image Velocimetry, Laser Doppler Velocimetry, hot-wire anemometry, pressure measurements, and flow visualization, are assessed alongside Computational Fluid Dynamics approaches based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes, Large Eddy Simulation, Detached Eddy Simulation, Scale-Adaptive Simulation, and Direct Numerical Simulation. The influence of Reynolds number, blockage ratio, corner modifications, thermal boundary conditions, and multiple-cylinder arrangements on wake dynamics and heat transfer is systematically evaluated. The review shows that Large Eddy Simulation provides the most accurate prediction of vortex shedding, wake structures, and aerodynamic forces, whereas Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes models remain computationally efficient for engineering applications. Corner rounding, chamfering, and passive flow-control techniques consistently reduce drag and suppress wake instability while improving thermal performance. Remaining challenges include high-Reynolds-number simulations, coupled thermo-fluid analysis, turbulence model accuracy, and systematic experimental validation. The review identifies current research gaps and highlights future opportunities in advanced turbulence modelling, high-performance computing, and data-driven approaches to support the design of safer, more efficient, and thermally optimized bluff-body engineering systems.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21702349

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Dr. G. Sugendran, Surinder Kumar

Abstract: The continuing shrinking trend of electronics along with growing power densities has resulted in many heat dissipation difficulties. Microchannel heat sinks are promising and compact heat sinks but limited by thermal performance due to thermal capabilities of traditional coolant fluids. This work examines the prospect of using hybrid nanofluids, i.e., a mixture of several different nanoparticles, to improve the convective heat transfer coefficients of microchannel flow. A detailed numerical analysis based on the two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian approach is performed to assess the thermohydrodynamic properties of aluminum oxide-copper/water hybrid nanofluid through rectangular microchannels under Reynolds numbers between 200 and 1000 and nanoparticle volume fractions between 0.5% and 2.0%. The simulations reveal a considerable heat transfer enhancement where the Nusselt number rises up to 38.4% at 1.0% volume fraction while reducing the thermal resistance by 29.6% and achieving the highest thermal efficiency ratio of 1.31. Although there is an increased pressure drop (18.7%), the thermal-hydraulic performance proves the feasibility of hybrid nanofluids as a new coolant.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21697150

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Dr.Sumbul Alam

Abstract: Food waste management is a contemporary global issue. According to UNDP, food waste constitutes 40-51% of the waste in the Kingdom, followed by paper, cardboard, plastics, and other materials. Consequently, an effective waste segregation system is essential to address this problem. This research proposal aims to develop a mechanism for the segregation of decayed fruits and vegetables from the shelves, storage, and inventories of retailers such as Hyper Panda, Carrefour , and Lulu hypermarkets, utilising a hybrid machine learning algorithm comprising Linear SVM and PCA, alongside YOLO for real-time detection. Following segregation, this organic waste may be transported to a biorefinery where, using anaerobic digestion technology, it can be turned into methane gas. Currently, the door-to-door accessibility of processed foods, consumer products, and groceries is in great demand. Consequently, this methane gas may be utilised by their own delivery trucks and vehicles, so minimising food waste reduction in retail, promoting energy sustainability, and decreasing pollution.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21676317

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Mrs.Aruna C, Rajeswary Nair

Abstract: With the advent of digital services, various vulnerabilities in centralized identity management systems such as Single Point of Failure (SPOF), data leakage, and user privacy invasion are evident. In this paper, an architecture framework for designing Decentralized Identity Management System (DIDMS) by leveraging blockchain technologies is proposed for privacy preserving authentication in digital age. The DIDMS framework makes use of Decentralized Identifier (DID) with Verifiable Credentials (VC) and Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) techniques to implement the concept of self-sovereign identity. Four phases of framework including registration, credential issuance, authentication and storage is designed and tested. The performance results obtained from the experimentation indicate that the proposed framework gives an authentication latency of 320 ms, storage overhead reduction of 42%, and verification accuracy of 98.6% with 31% gas optimization over conventional smart contract approaches. The comparative evaluation with existing frameworks indicates improvement in the areas of privacy protection, scalability and user control.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21676274

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Dr. R. Bhaskar Reddy, Dr. A. Kumaraswamy

Abstract: Due to the increasing demands for energy in the world coupled with increased environmental regulations, it is now necessary to use sustainable energy sources instead of the traditional fossil fuels for internal combustion engines. In this paper, a study on performance improvement in compression ignition engines through the use of alternative biofuels has been presented. The study focuses on hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), biodiesel blends and the use of dual fuel where the two fuels used include biogas and hydrogen. The results of experimental and computer simulations show that the use of HVO leads to reduction of NOx and CO by 9.0% and 38.7%, respectively, compared to fossil diesel. Turbocharged B20 biodiesel blends lead to fuel consumption reduction of 20% and brake torque increase of 75%. The canola biodiesel gives brake thermal efficiency of 31.2% and brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.26 kg/kWh.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21675388

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Professor Dr. B.R. Shaalini, Raja Senthil

Abstract: Background- Essential hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aerobic exercise is recommended as a first-line non-pharmacological intervention for blood pressure management. However, evidence comparing the effectiveness of low-intensity and high-intensity aerobic exercise on cardiovascular and functional outcomes remains limited, particularly in the Indian population. Objective- To compare the effectiveness of low-intensity and high-intensity aerobic exercise on blood pressure, functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness, resting heart rate, body mass index (BMI), and health-related quality of life in adults with essential hypertension. Methods- A prospective comparative pre-post study was conducted among 60 adults aged 40–65 years with essential hypertension. Participants were allocated into two groups (n = 30 each). Group A performed supervised low-intensity aerobic exercise (40–55% heart rate reserve), whereas Group B performed supervised high-intensity aerobic exercise (70–85% heart rate reserve) for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), estimated VO₂max, resting heart rate (RHR), BMI, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) quality-of-life scores. Assessments were performed at baseline and after completion of the intervention. Data were analysed using paired and independent Student's t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results- Both exercise programmes produced significant improvements in all measured outcomes (p < 0.001). In the low-intensity group, mean SBP decreased from 146.8 ± 8.7 mmHg to 136.4 ± 8.1 mmHg, whereas the high-intensity group demonstrated a greater reduction from 147.3 ± 9.1 mmHg to 128.1 ± 8.8 mmHg. Functional capacity improved significantly, with the 6MWT increasing from 418.6 ± 52.3 m to 456.7 ± 52.1 m in Group A and from 421.7 ± 50.8 m to 490.8 ± 48.6 m in Group B. Significant improvements were also observed in VO₂max, resting heart rate, BMI, and all SF-36 domains, with superior outcomes in the high-intensity exercise group. Conclusion- Both low-intensity and high-intensity aerobic exercise are effective physiotherapy interventions for improving blood pressure control, functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and health-related quality of life in adults with essential hypertension. High-intensity aerobic exercise demonstrated significantly greater improvements across all outcome measures, supporting its use in appropriately screened and supervised patients.

Published by: vikaspatanker

Authors: Utkarsh Singh

Abstract: Despite the widespread adoption of chatbots for customer service, small businesses continue to lack the resources required to develop and customize such solutions effectively. In this work, we propose an approach that enables small businesses to construct tailored customer service chatbots by fine-tuning an open-weight large language model (LLM) using QLoRA [1] on a domain-specific customer service dataset. The proposed method leverages parameter-efficient transfer learning to adapt a pre-trained LLM to the customer service domain, preserving its general natural language understanding and generation capabilities while specializing its behaviour. To extend the chatbot’s functional scope beyond the fine-tuning corpus, we integrate a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) [4] module that retrieves relevant product information, warranty details, and installation guides from PDF documentation at inference time. This allows the chatbot to ground its responses in accurate, business-specific information rather than relying solely on parametric knowledge. In addition, we log chatbot conversations and apply sentiment analysis to the resulting interaction data, forming a feedback loop that surfaces unsatisfactory exchanges for human follow-up and informs iterative improvement of the system. Taken together, these components constitute a cost-effective pipeline through which small businesses can deploy personalized customer service chatbots without incurring the cost of large-scale data collection or bespoke system engineering.

Published by: vikaspatanker

Dr. Bibin Pappen Babu
Affiliation	Global Ambassador, Vice Patron, Advisor of International Organizations.
Email-Id:	bibinpababu@gmail.com
Publication:  Blockchain-Enabled Industrial Engineering Frameworks for Closed-Loop E – Waste Re manufacturing: Risk-Aware Optimization, Data Governance, and Social Sustainability. The Stewardship of Process, Operations, and Compliance: Integrating Industrial Engineering, Management, and Law within Christian Organizational Leadership. Stochastic Neuromorphic Fabric (SNF): Gracefully Degrading Computing via Approximate Runtimes on Legacy Nodes.

Published by: vikaspatanker