Authors: R.L Aarthi, Dr. S. Selvi
Abstract: The Vedic Multiplier, derived from the ancient Urdhva-Tiryakbhyam sutra, provides an efficient and structured approach to perform high-speed multiplication, which is a fundamental operation in digital signal processing, image processing, embedded systems, and VLSI applications. Conventional multipliers such as array or Wallace tree multipliers, although accurate, often require large hardware resources and suffer from increased delay due to complex carry propagation paths, limiting their suitability for low-power and small-scale designs. In this project, a Vedic multiplier is designed and implemented in Verilog HDL, incorporating Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) optimization for the accumulation stage to reduce design complexity and ensure consistent performance. The design process covers the implementation of basic modules including AND, OR, Half Adder (HA), Full Adder (FA), and Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), which are then combined to form 2-bit and 4- bit Vedic multipliers. By leveraging the RCA for final addition, the architecture minimizes hardware overhead while maintaining reliable accuracy across test cases. Simulation and functional verification were carried out using industry-standard EDA tools, and results validate the correctness of multiplication operations for various inputs with low area utilization and moderate delay. The optimized Vedic multiplier demonstrates efficient trade-offs in terms of area and delay, establishing it as a simple yet effective solution for arithmetic-intensive applications in energy-constrained embedded systems and FPGA-based platforms, with scalability potential for higher bit-width multipliers. Furthermore, the simplicity of the RCA- based approach makes the proposed architecture highly adaptable for classroom learning, research, and prototyping environments where clarity and resource efficiency are essential. While advanced adders such as Carry Lookahead or Carry Save adders may provide lower propagation delay in large-scale multipliers, the Ripple Carry Adder offers a favourable balance of low power consumption, reduced complexity, and straightforward implementation, making it especially effective for small-to-medium bit-width operations. This highlights the practicality of the proposed design as a baseline for further optimization, with the potential to extend towards pipelined or parallel Vedic multiplier architectures suitable for real-time signal processing and embedded computing applications.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19276670
