Authors: Assistant Professor Ajay Kumar
Abstract: CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has revolutionized plant biotechnology by enabling precise, efficient modifications to target genes associated with stress tolerance. This paper reviews current advances in CRISPR/Cas9 applications for enhancing abiotic (drought, salinity) and biotic (pathogen) stress resistance in major crops. We first outline the molecular mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and delivery strategies in plants. Next, we examine key case studies: OsERA1 and OsDST edits for drought resilience in rice (Ogata et al.), ARGOS8 modification in maize (Shi et al.), SlHyPRP1 disruption for salt tolerance in tomato (Tran et al.), and powdery mildew resistance via TaMLO and PMR4 edits in wheat and tomato (Wang et al.; Santillán Martínez et al.). We then discuss methodological challenges—off-target effects, regeneration efficiency—and regulatory frameworks governing genome-edited crops. Finally, we explore future directions, including multiplex editing, transgene‐free approaches, and integration with computational tools to accelerate breeding programs. Our synthesis highlights CRISPR/Cas9’s transformative potential for sustainable agriculture under climate change.
