Authors: Jadhav Sanika Sanjay, Professor Banger Abhishek P., Dr. Anand Khatri A., Professor Bhosale Sachin B.
Abstract: Urban bus operators still rely on cash, paper tickets and card taps that slow boarding, leak revenue through fare evasion and reveal little about where passengers actually travel. Smartphones now carry the sensors needed to replace these steps with automatic, location-driven ticketing. This paper reviews the literature behind an automated, GPS-based self-ticketing and fare verification system for urban buses. Six recent IEEE papers form the primary corpus, supported by the works they cite. The review traces the shift from cash to check-in/check-out and be-in/be-out ticketing, examines how GPS trajectories matched against GTFS and vehicle-location feeds can identify the bus a passenger rode, and discusses fare-evasion control, fusion of vehicle-location and fare records, alighting-stop inference, and IoT and cloud architectures with their privacy safeguards. A layered reference architecture and a seven-step verification workflow are then synthesised from the reviewed evidence. Reported results show that dynamic time warping identified the correct bus for 92.9% of a small set of test trips, while fused vehicle-location and fare data placed 94.7% of boardings on the correct route and stop in a one-year city dataset. Open problems include short-trip detection, GPS degradation in dense areas, battery and privacy cost, and inclusion of riders without smartphones.
