Authors: Sachin Gihar
Abstract: Background: Lead poisoning is a severe public health crisis globally. In India, despite the phase-out of leaded gasoline in 2000, pediatric lead exposure remains a critical issue up to 2021. According to a 2020 UNICEF and Pure Earth report, an estimated 275 million Indian children have blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥ 5 µg/dL. The informal recycling of used lead-acid batteries (ULAB), adulterated spices, traditional cosmetics (kohl, sindoor), and Ayurvedic medicines are major contributors to this environmental toxicity. Methods: This paper synthesizes epidemiological data, systematic reviews, and toxicological reports on lead poisoning cases in India up to 2021. Data on BLL prevalence, neurological and hematological impacts, and socioeconomic burdens were analyzed. Results: Studies indicate that the pooled mean BLL in Indian children ranges from 8.8 µg/dL to 10.4 µg/dL, significantly above the CDC's updated reference value. Children residing proximal to informal ULAB recycling sites (e.g., in Patna, Bihar) exhibit alarmingly high BLLs, averaging up to 14.9 µg/dL. Lead toxicity poses a massive economic burden, with diminished IQs estimated to cost India 12.5% of its GDP annually. Conclusion: Lead poisoning in India represents a silent epidemic. Strict enforcement of battery waste management rules, remediation of contaminated sites, and nationwide BLL screening are urgently required.
