Authors: Paul ‘Seun Sosina, Odebiyi Olusola James
Abstract: Artificial intelligence is transforming national security governance by strengthening intelligence gathering, threat detection, border surveillance, cybersecurity, crime prevention and conflict early warning. However, its deployment across Africa raises concerns about privacy, algorithmic bias, accountability, misinformation, institutional readiness and technological dependence. This study examined artificial intelligence and national security governance in Africa through a comparative analysis of Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Rwanda and Egypt. Anchored in Technology Domestication Theory, the study adopted a qualitative multiple-case design. Data were obtained through documentary analysis of peer-reviewed studies, national policies, legislative frameworks, security strategies and African Union policy documents. The data were analysed using thematic synthesis and comparative policy analysis. Findings revealed that AI improves data processing, threat identification, surveillance capability and proactive security decision-making, although the scale of adoption varies across the five countries. Egypt and Rwanda demonstrate centralized policy arrangements, while Kenya and South Africa possess digital ecosystems but face implementation and regulatory challenges. Nigeria’s adoption is constrained by infrastructure deficiencies, institutional responsibilities and technical capacity. Shared challenges include inadequate oversight, poor data quality, skills shortages, algorithmic bias, privacy risks and dependence on foreign technologies. The study concludes that effective AI-supported security requires context-sensitive governance grounded in human rights, democratic accountability, strategic autonomy and human oversight. It recommends risk-based regulation, oversight, impact assessments, indigenous capacity development, stronger data protection and harmonized standards.
